Java program codes: Java Statements

Methods and constructors are sequences of statements, along with variable
definitions.
The statements specify the sequence of actions to be performed when a
method or constructor is invoked.
They can alter the value of variables, generate output, process input, or
respond to user mouse or keyboard actions.

Different types of statements are described in the following sections.

Assignment Statements

An assignment statement has the following form.

variable = expression;

This statement changes the value of the variable on the left side of the
equals sign to the value of the expression on the right-hand side.
The variable is often just specified by a variable name, but
there are also expressions that specify variables.

Java treats an assignment as both an expression and as a statement.
As an expression, its value is the value assigned to the variable.
This is done to allow multiple assignments in a single statement, such as

a = b = 5;

By treating b = 5 as an expression with value 5, Java makes
sense of this statement, assigning the value 5 to both a and
b.

Statements involving Messages

Messages are the fundamental means of communication between objects in a
Java program.
A message has the following form.

receiver.method-name(parameters)

Here,

• 
  receiver is an expression (often just a variable name) that
  specifies the object that should respond to the message.
  
• 
  method-name is the name of the method that the receiver should
  execute.
  
• 
  parameters is a comma-separated list of expressions that provide
  data that the receiver can use in its execution of the method.
  

The receiver can be omitted if it is the object that you are writing code for. That is, you do not need to specify the receiver for messages sent from an object to itself.
Messages can be used in three ways to form statements. First, if the method specified by a message returns a value then the message can be used as the expression in an assignment statement.

variable = message;

For messages with methods that do not return values, a statement can also be formed by just terminating the message with a semicolon.

message;

This statement form can also be used when the method returns a value, although it is not usually a good idea to ignore a returned value.
Finally, if a message returns an object, then that object can be used directly as the receiver of a message. In an applet method, for example, getContentPane() returns a container to which components can be added. This container is the receiver of the add() message in the following statement.

getContentPane().add(button);

Statement Blocks

In Java, any sequence of statements can be grouped together to function as a single statement by enclosing the sequence in braces. These groupings are called statement blocks. A statement block may also include variable declarations.
Statement blocks are used to define methods and to allow multiple statements in the control structures described in the following sections.

Control Statements

Normally, statements in a method or constructor are executed sequentially. Java also has control statements that allow repetitive execution of statements and conditional execution of statements. Java has the following types of control statements.

• Conditional Execution And Selection
  
  
  
  
  

  If Statements	-	conditional execution of a single statement
  If-Else Statements	-	conditional selection among two statements
  Switch Statements	-	conditional selection among several statements
  Extended If-Else Statements	-	conditional selection among several statements

  
  
• Repetition
  
  
  
  

  While Loops	-	pretest loops
  For Loops	-	pretest loops
  Do-While Loops	-	posttest loops

  
  
• Special Control Statements
  
  
  

  Return Statements	-	return values from and terminate methods
  Continue Statements	-	skip the remaining statements in an iteration of a loop
  Break Statements	-	exit a loop or switch statement

Conditional Execution and Selection

Java has three kinds of statements that permit execution of a nested
statement based on the value of a boolean expression or selection among
several statements based on the value of a boolean expression or a control
variable.
These statements are the if statement, the if-else statement, and the
switch statement.

If Statements

The if statement has the following form.

if (boolean-expression) {
 then-clause
    }

Here,

• 
  boolean-expression is an expression that can be true or false.
  
• 
  then-clause is a sequence of statements.
  If there is only one statement in the sequence then the surrounding
  braces may be omitted.
  The then-clause statements are executed only if the
  boolean-expression is true.
  

If-Else Statements

The if-else statement has the following form.

if (boolean-expression) {
 then-clause
    } else {
 else-clause
    }

Here,

• 
  boolean-expression is an expression that can be true or false.
  
• 
  then-clause and else-clause are
  sequences of statements.
  If there is only one statement in a sequence then the surrounding
  braces may be omitted.
  The then-clause statements are executed only if the
  boolean-expression is true.
  The else-clause statements are executed if the
  boolean-expression is false.
  

Switch Statements

The switch statement allows execution of different statements depending on the value of an expression. It has the following form.

switch (control-expression) {
    case constant-expression-1:
 statements-1
     .
     .
     .
    case constant-expression-n:
 statements-n
    default:
 default-statements
    }

Here,

• 
  control-expression is an expression of a simple type, such
  as int, char, or an enum type.
  It cannot have float or double type.
  
• 
  constant-expression-1 through
  constant-expression-n are expressions of a type that
  converts to the type of control-expression.
  The compiler must be able to evaluate these expressions to constant
  values.
  
• 
  statements-1 through statements-n are sequences
  of statements.
  

When the switch statement is executed, control-expression is evaluated. The resulting value is compared to the values of constant-expression-1 through constant-expression-n in order until a matching value is found. If a match is found in constant-expression-i then statements-i through statements-n and default-statements are executed, with switch statement execution terminated if a break statement is encountered. Normally, the last statement in each sequence is a break statement so that only one sequence is executed.
The default clause is optional. If it is present then the default-statements are executed whenever the value of control-expression does not match any of the constant-expression-i values.

Extended If-Else Statements

Often, a programmer needs a construction that works like a switch statement, but the selection between choices is too complex for a switch statement. To make this work, a programmer can use a sequence of if statements where each if statement is nested in the else clause of the preceding if statement. This construction is called an extended is statement. It has the following form.

if (boolean-expression-1) {
 statements-1
    } else if (boolean-expression-2) {
 statements-2
 .
 .
 .
    } else if (boolean-expression-n) {
 statements-n
    } else {
 default-statements
    }

Here,

• 
  boolean-expression-1 through
  boolean-expression-n are expressions that can be true or false.
  
• 
  statements-1 through statements-n and
  default-statements are sequences of statements.
  

When this extended if-else statement is executed, the boolean expressions are evaluated in order until one is found that is true. Then the corresponding sequence of statements is executed. If none of the boolean expressions is true then the default-statements are executed. In either case, execution continues with the next statement after the extended if-else statement.

Repetition

Java has three kinds of loop statements: while loops, for loops, and do-while loops. Loop statements allow a nested statement to be executed repetitively. The nested statement can be a block statement, allowing repetition of a sequence of statements.
When a loop is executed its nested statement can be executed any number of times. Each execution of the nested statement is called an iteration of the loop. The number of iterations is controlled by a boolean expression. The boolean expression is evaluated before each iteration (pretest) in while loops and for loops, and after each iteration (post-test) in do-while loops. When the boolean expression becomes false the loop is terminated.

While Loops

The while loop is a pretest loop statement. It has the following form.

while (boolean-expression) {
 nested-statements
    }

Here,

• 
  boolean-expression is an expression that can be true or false.
  
• 
  nested-statements is a sequence of statements.
  If there is only one statement then the braces can be omitted.
  

The boolean expression is tested before each iteration of the loop. The loop terminates when it is false.

For Loops

The for loop is a pretest loop statement. It has the following form.

for (initialization; boolean-expression; increment) {
 nested-statements
    }

Here,

• 
  initialization is an expression (usually an assignment
  expression).
  
• 
  boolean-expression is an expression that can be true or false.
  
• 
  increment is an expression.
  
• 
  nested-statements is a sequence of statements.
  If there is only one statement then the braces may be omitted.
  

When a for loop is executed the initialization expression is evaluted first. This expression is usually an assignment (for example, i = 0) that sets the initial value of a loop control variable.
The boolean expression is tested before each iteration of the loop. The loop terminates when it is false. The boolean expression is frequently a comparison (for example, i < 10).
At the end of each iteration, the increment expression is evaluated. The expression is often an expression that increments the control variable (for example, i++).

Do-While Loops

The do-while loop is a post-test loop statement. It has the following form.

do {
 nested-statements
    } while (boolean-expression);

Here,

• 
  nested-statements is a sequence of statements.
  If there is only one statement then the braces may be omitted.
  
• 
  boolean-expression is an expression that can be true or false.
  

The boolean expression is tested after each iteration of the loop. The loop terminates when it is false.

Special Control Statements

Return Statements

The return statement is used in the definition of a method to set its returned value and to terminate execution of the method. It has two forms. Methods with returned type void use the following form.

return;

Methods with non-void returned type use the following form.

return expression;

Here,

• 
  expression is an expression that yields the desired return
  value.
  This value must be convertible to the return type declared for the
  method.
  

Continue Statements

The continue statement is used in while loop, for loop, or do-while loop to terminate an iteration of the loop. A continue statement has the following form.

continue;

After a continue statement is executed in a for loop, its increment and boolean expression are evaluated. If the boolean expression is true then the nested statements are executed again.
After a continue statement is executed in a while or do-while loop, its boolean expression is evaluated. If the boolean expression is true then the nested statements are executed again.

Break Statements

The break statement is used in loop (for, while, and do-while) statements and switch statements to terminate execution of the statement. A break statement has the following form.

break;

After a break statement is executed, execution proceeds to the statement that follows the enclosing loop or switch statement.